Ralph Langner is the German control system security engineer who discovered what the Stuxnet virus was supposed to attack - i.e. the Iranian nuclear program. In a TED Talk he explains how he worked out what the virus was doing and, if you are not a control security specialist, it's quite an eye opener.
The Stuxnet Windows worm was discovered in July 2010 and at first it was a mystery. It was malware that didn't seem to attack the machine it infected i.e. a PC. The reason turned out to be that it was designed to attack control hardware - Siemens Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems to be precise. If specific Siemens software isn't found on the infected PC the virus becomes dormant.
However if the targeted software is on the PC then it waits to attack the SCADA system when the technician connects the PC to do maintenance or control. It then only infects the SCADA system if there are variable-frequency drives installed - i.e the controls most often used to set the rotation rate of nuclear centrifuges. Once infected the payload works in a surprisingly sophisticated way - changing the speed of centrifuge rotation but not enough to be noticed until the centrifuge breaks from excess vibration. To make sure nothing is noticed the virus installs a rootkit that causes the software to report a normal rotation speed.
Read more: I Programmer